Methods and computer program products for providing a compressed circular buffer for efficient storage of network performance data

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods and computer program products for providing a circular buffer of values representing performance data that corresponds to a network application on a network device. Methods may include compressing a binary representation of a value using bit-oriented compression that is biased based on a frequency of occurrence of values and/or value ranges, and appending the compressed binary representation to a circular buffer. The bit-oriented compressed may be biased such that values and/or value ranges that occur with a higher degree of frequency are compressed to a higher degree, while values and/or value ranges that occur with a lower degree of frequency are compressed to a lower degree.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to computer networks and, more particularly, to network performance monitoring methods, devices, and computer program products.

BACKGROUND

The growing presence of computer networks such as intranets and extranets has brought about the development of applications in e-commerce, education, manufacturing, and other areas. Organizations increasingly rely on such applications to carry out their business, production, or other objectives, and devote considerable resources to ensuring that the applications perform as expected. To this end, various application management, monitoring, and analysis techniques have been developed.

One approach for managing an application involves monitoring the application, generating data regarding application performance, and analyzing the data to determine application health. Some system management products analyze a large number of data streams to try to determine a normal and abnormal application state. Large numbers of data streams are often analyzed because the system management products may not have a semantic understanding of the data being analyzed. Accordingly, when an unhealthy application state occurs, many data streams may have abnormal data values because the data streams are causally related to one another. Because the system management products may lack a semantic understanding of the data, they may not be able to assist the user in determining either the ultimate source or cause of a problem. Additionally, these application management systems may not know whether a change in data indicates an application is actually unhealthy or not.

Current application management approaches may include monitoring techniques such as deep packet inspection (DPI), which may be performed as a packet passes an inspection point and may include collecting statistical information, among others. Such monitoring techniques can be data-intensive and may be ineffective in providing substantively real-time health information regarding network applications. Additionally, packet trace information may be lost and application-specific code may be required.

Embodiments of the present invention are, therefore, directed towards solving these and other related problems.

SUMMARY

It should be appreciated that this Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form, the concepts being further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of this disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to a method for providing a compressed circular buffer for efficient storage of network performance data. Methods may include providing a circular buffer of values representing performance data corresponding to a network application on a network device. A binary representation of a new value is compressed using bit-oriented compression that is biased based on a frequency of occurrence of values and/or value ranges. The compressed binary representation is appended to a circular buffer. In some embodiments values and/or value ranges that occur at a first frequency are compressed with a first degree of compression, and values and/or value ranges that occur at a second frequency are compressed with a second degree of compression, wherein the first frequency is greater than the second frequency and the first degree of compression is greater than the second degree of compression. Some embodiments provide that the frequency of occurrence is positively correlated with a degree of compression.

In some embodiments, the method further includes decompressing a plurality of compressed binary representations appended to the circular buffer, and generating an array containing a plurality of respective values corresponding to the plurality of decompressed binary representations. The bit-oriented compression in some embodiments includes a Huffman code, a Gray code, an Elias gamma code, a Golomb code, and/or a static Huffman code.

Some embodiments provide that a data store defining the circular buffer is allocated. The data store includes an array of bytes, a start index that is operable to point into the array of bytes at a most significant bit of an oldest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes, an end index that is operable to point into the array of bytes at a most significant bit of a newest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes, and a rolling sum field that is operable to store an accumulation value of values stored in the array of bytes. In some embodiments, the method includes initializing the array of bytes to store null values.

According to some embodiments, appending the compressed binary representation to the circular buffer includes adding an integral number that corresponds to a value of the compressed binary representation to the accumulation value stored in the rolling sum field, and incrementing the end index by a first quantity that corresponds to a size of the newest compressed binary representation pointed to by the end index. An integral number that corresponds to a value of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index is subtracted from the accumulation value stored in the rolling sum field, and the start index is incremented by a second quantity that corresponds to a size of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index. The compressed binary representation is inserted into the array of bytes at the location pointed to by the incremented end index.

Some embodiments provide that incrementing the end index by the first quantity includes determining that incrementing the end index by the first quantity exceeds a maximum bound of the array of bytes by a third quantity. The end index is set to point to a minimum bound of the array of bytes, and the end index is incremented by the third quantity. Incrementing the start index by the second quantity includes determining that incrementing the start index by the second quantity exceeds a maximum bound of the ordered array by a fourth quantity. The start index is set to point to a minimum bound of the array of bytes, and the start index is incremented by the fourth quantity.

In some embodiments, inserting the compressed binary representation into the array of bytes at the location pointed to by the incremented end index includes determining, prior to inserting the compressed binary representation, that a size of the compressed binary representation exceeds a size of available space in the array of bytes. A data store defining an expanded array of bytes having a size greater than a size of the array of bytes is allocated, and data is copied from the array of bytes into the expanded array to create an available space in the expanded array having a size greater than the size of available space in the array of bytes. The start index is set to point into the expanded array at a most significant bit of the oldest compressed binary representation that is stored in the expanded array, and the end index is set to point into the expanded array at a most significant bit of the newest compressed binary representation that is stored in the expanded array. The end index is incremented by the first quantity, and the compressed binary representation is inserted into the expanded array at the location pointed to by the incremented end index. Some embodiments provide that the expanded array of bytes has a size greater than the size of the array of bytes by a given constant amount. According to some embodiments, the expanded array of bytes has a size greater than the size of the array of bytes by an amount based on the size of the array of bytes and a count of values stored in the array of bytes.

In some embodiments, a computer program product including a non-transitory computer usable storage medium having computer-readable program code embodied in the medium is provided. The computer-readable program code is configured to perform operations corresponding to methods described herein.

Other methods, devices, and/or computer program products according to exemplary embodiments will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon review of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional methods, devices, and/or computer program products be included within this description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will now be described in more detail in relation to the enclosed drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1 a-1 d are block diagrams illustrating exemplary networks in which operations for monitoring network application performance may be performed according to some embodiments of the present invention,

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of a computing device as discussed above regarding FIGS. 1 c and 1 d,

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating operations and/or functions of a collector application as described above regarding FIG. 1 a,

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating determining a read wait time corresponding to a user transaction according to some embodiments of the present invention,

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a kernel level architecture of a collector application to explain kernel level metrics according to some embodiments of the present invention,

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary operations carried out by a collector application in monitoring and reporting network application performance according to some embodiments of the present invention,

FIG. 7 is a screen shot of a graphical user interface (GUI) including a model generated by a health data processing application according to some embodiments of the present invention,

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary operations carried out by a health data processing application in generating and displaying a real-time model of network application health according to some embodiments of the present invention, and

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary operations carried out by a health data processing application in generating and displaying an historical model of network application health according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 10 a and 10 b are diagrams illustrating exemplary compression and decompression operations, respectively, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 11 a and 11 b are flowcharts illustrating exemplary operations carried out in providing a compressed circular buffer of values representing performance data corresponding to a network application on a network device according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating available space before and after expansion in a compressed circular buffer having discontiguous data storage areas according to some embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail. While various modifications and alternative forms of the embodiments described herein may be made, specific embodiments are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims. Like reference numbers signify like elements throughout the description of the figures.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless expressly stated otherwise. It should be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” when used in this specification are taken to specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. Furthermore, “connected” or “coupled” as used herein may include wirelessly connected or coupled. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, and may be abbreviated as “/”.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another.

Exemplary embodiments are described below with reference to block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of methods, apparatus (systems and/or devices), and/or computer program products. It is understood that a block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, and/or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means (functionality) and/or structure for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process, such that the instructions, which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus, provide steps for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks.

Accordingly, exemplary embodiments may be implemented in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.). Furthermore, exemplary embodiments may take the form of a computer program product on a non-transitory computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. In the context of this document, a non-transitory computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM).

Computer program code for carrying out operations of data processing systems discussed herein may be written in a high-level programming language, such as C, C++, or Java, for development convenience. In addition, computer program code for carrying out operations of exemplary embodiments may also be written in other programming languages, such as, but not limited to, interpreted languages. Some modules or routines may be written in assembly language or even micro-code to enhance performance and/or memory usage. However, embodiments are not limited to a particular programming language. It will be further appreciated that the functionality of any or all of the program modules may also be implemented using discrete hardware components, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or a programmed digital signal processor or microcontroller.

It should also be noted that in some alternate implementations, the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks and/or the functionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be at least partially integrated.

Reference is made to FIGS. 1 a-1 d, which are block diagrams illustrating exemplary networks in which operations for monitoring and reporting network application performance may be performed according to some embodiments of the present invention.

Computing Network

Referring to FIG. 1 a, a network 10 according to some embodiments herein may include a health data processing application 100 and a plurality of network devices 20, 24, and 26 that may each include respective collector applications 200. It is to be understood that a “network device” as discussed herein may include physical (as opposed to virtual) machines 20; host machines 24, each of which may be a physical machine on which one or more virtual machines may execute; and/or virtual machines 26 executing on host machines 24. It is to be further understood that an “application” as discussed herein refers to an instance of executable software operable to execute on respective ones of the network devices. The terms “application” and “network application” may be used interchangeably herein, regardless of whether the referenced application is operable to access network resources.

Collector applications 200 may collect data related to the performance of network applications executing on respective network devices. For instance, a collector application executing on a physical machine may collect performance data related to network applications executing on that physical machine. A collector application executing on a host machine and external to any virtual machines hosted by that host machine may collect performance data related to network applications executing on that host machine, while a collector application executing on a virtual machine may collect performance data related to network applications executing within that virtual machine.

The health data processing application 100 may be on a network device that exists within the network 10 or on an external device that is coupled to the network 10. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the network device on which the health data processing application 100 may reside may be one of the plurality of machines 20 or 24 or virtual machines 26. Communications between various ones of the network devices may be accomplished using one or more communications and/or network protocols that may provide a set of standard rules for data representation, signaling, authentication and/or error detection that may be used to send information over communications channels therebetween. In some embodiments, exemplary network protocols may include HTTP, TDS, and/or LDAP, among others.

Referring to FIG. 1 b, an exemplary network 10 may include a web server 12, one or more application servers 14 and one or more database servers 16. Although not illustrated, a network 10 as used herein may include directory servers, security servers, and/or transaction monitors, among others. The web server 12 may be a computer and/or a computer program that is responsible for accepting HTTP requests from clients 18 (e.g., user agents such as web browsers) and serving them HTTP responses along with optional data content, which may be, for example, web pages such as HTML documents and linked objects (images, etc.). An application server 14 may include a service, hardware, and/or software framework that may be operable to provide one or more programming applications to clients in a network. Application servers 14 may be coupled to one or more web servers 12, database servers 16, and/or other application servers 14, among others. Some embodiments provide that a database server 16 may include a computer and/or a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs and/or computers as may be defined, for example by a client-server model, among others. In some embodiments, database management systems may provide database server functionality.

Some embodiments provide that the collector applications 200 and the health data processing application 100 described above with respect to FIG. 1 a may reside on ones of the web server(s) 12, application servers 14 and/or database servers 16, among others. In some embodiments, the health data processing application 100 may reside in a dedicated computing device that is coupled to the network 10. The collector applications 200 may reside on one, some or all of the above listed network devices and provide network application performance data to the health data processing application 100.

Computing Device

Web server(s) 12, application servers 14 and/or database servers 16 may be deployed as and/or executed on any type and form of computing device, such as a computer, network device, or appliance capable of communicating on any type and form of network and performing the operations described herein. FIGS. 1 e and 1 d depict block diagrams of a computing device 121 useful for practicing some embodiments described herein. Referring to FIGS. 1 e and 1 d, a computing device 121 may include a central processing unit 101 and a main memory unit 122. A computing device 121 may include a visual display device 124, a keyboard 126, and/or a pointing device 127, such as a mouse. Each computing device 121 may also include additional optional elements, such as one or more input/output devices 130 a-130 b (generally referred to using reference numeral 130), and a cache memory 140 in communication with the central processing unit 101.

The central processing unit 101 is any logic circuitry that responds to and processes instructions fetched from the main memory unit 122. In many embodiments, the central processing unit 101 is provided by a microprocessor unit, such as: those manufactured by Intel Corporation of Mountain View, Calif.; those manufactured by Motorola Corporation of Schaumburg, Ill.; the POWER processor, those manufactured by International Business Machines of White Plains, N.Y.; and/or those manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices of Sunnyvale, Calif. The computing device 121 may be based on any of these processors, and/or any other processor capable of operating as described herein.

Main memory unit 122 may be one or more memory chips capable of storing data and allowing any storage location to be directly accessed by the microprocessor 101, such as Static random access memory (SRAM), Burst SRAM or SynchBurst SRAM (BSRAM), Dynamic random access memory (DRAM), Fast Page Mode DRAM (FPM DRAM), Enhanced DRAM (EDRAM), Extended Data Output RAM (EDO RAM), Extended Data Output DRAM (EDO DRAM), Burst Extended Data Output DRAM (BEDO DRAM), Enhanced DRAM (EDRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), JEDEC SRAM, PC100 SDRAM, Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), Enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), SyncLink DRAM (SLDRAM), Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM), or Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), among others. The main memory 122 may be based on any of the above described memory chips, or any other available memory chips capable of operating as described herein. In some embodiments, the processor 101 communicates with main memory 122 via a system bus 150 (described in more detail below). In some embodiments of a computing device 121, the processor 101 may communicate directly with main memory 122 via a memory port 103. Some embodiments provide that the main memory 122 may be DRDRAM.

FIG. 1 d depicts some embodiments in which the main processor 101 communicates directly with cache memory 140 via a secondary bus, sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In some other embodiments, the main processor 101 may communicate with cache memory 140 using the system bus 150. Cache memory 140 typically has a faster response time than main memory 122 and may be typically provided by SRAM, BSRAM, or EDRAM. In some embodiments, the processor 101 communicates with various I/O devices 130 via a local system bus 150. Various busses may be used to connect the central processing unit 101 to any of the I/O devices 130, including a VESA VL bus, an ISA bus, an EISA bus, a MicroChannel Architecture (MCA) bus, a PCI bus, a PCI-X bus, a PCI-Express bus, and/or a NuBus, among others. For embodiments in which the I/O device is a video display 124, the processor 101 may use an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) to communicate with the display 124. FIG. 1 d depicts some embodiments of a computer 100 in which the main processor 101 communicates directly with I/O device 130 via HyperTransport, Rapid I/O, or InfiniBand. FIG. 1 d also depicts some embodiments in which local busses and direct communication are mixed: the processor 101 communicates with I/O device 130 a using a local interconnect bus while communicating with I/O device 130 b directly.

The computing device 121 may support any suitable installation device 116, such as a floppy disk drive for receiving floppy disks such as 3.5-inch, 5.25-inch disks, or ZIP disks, a CD-ROM drive, a CD-R/RW drive, a DVD-ROM drive, tape drives of various formats, USB device, hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD), or any other device suitable for installing software and programs such as any client agent 120, or portion thereof. The computing device 121 may further comprise a storage device 128, such as one or more hard disk drives or solid-state drives or redundant arrays of independent disks, for storing an operating system and other related software, and for storing application software programs such as any program related to the client agent 120. Optionally, any of the installation devices 116 could also be used as the storage device 128. Additionally, the operating system and the software can be run from a bootable medium, for example, a bootable CD, such as KNOPPIX®, a bootable CD for GNU/Linux that is available as a GNU/Linux distribution from knoppix.net.

Furthermore, the computing device 121 may include a network interface 118 to interface to a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) or the Internet through a variety of connections including, but not limited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WAN links (e.g., T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25), broadband connections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM), wireless connections (e.g., IEEE 802.11), or some combination of any or all of the above. The network interface 118 may comprise a built-in network adapter, network interface card, PCMCIA network card, card bus network adapter, wireless network adapter, USB network adapter, modem, or any other device suitable for interfacing the computing device 121 to any type of network capable of communication and performing the operations described herein. A wide variety of I/O devices 130 a-130 n may be present in the computing device 121. Input devices include keyboards, mice, trackpads, trackballs, microphones, and drawing tablets, among others. Output devices include video displays, speakers, inkjet printers, laser printers, and dye-sublimation printers, among others. The I/O devices 130 may be controlled by an I/O controller 123 as shown in FIG. 1 c. The I/O controller may control one or more I/O devices such as a keyboard 126 and a pointing device 127, e.g., a mouse or optical pen. Furthermore, an I/O device may also provide storage 128 and/or an installation medium 116 for the computing device 121. In still other embodiments, the computing device 121 may provide USB connections to receive handheld USB storage devices such USB flash drives.

In some embodiments, the computing device 121 may comprise or be connected to multiple display devices 124 a-124 n, which each may be of the same or different type and/or form. As such, any of the I/O devices 130 a-130 n and/or the I/O controller 123 may comprise any type and/or form of suitable hardware, software, or combination of hardware and software to support, enable, or provide for the connection and use of multiple display devices 124 a-124 n by the computing device 121. For example, the computing device 121 may include any type and/or form of video adapter, video card, driver, and/or library to interface, communicate, connect or otherwise use the display devices 124 a-124 n. In some embodiments, a video adapter may comprise multiple connectors to interface to multiple display devices 124 a-124 n. In some other embodiments, the computing device 121 may include multiple video adapters, with each video adapter connected to one or more of the display devices 124 a-124 n. In some embodiments, any portion of the operating system of the computing device 121 may be configured for using multiple displays 124 a-124 n. In some embodiments, one or more of the display devices 124 a-124 n may be provided by one or more other computing devices connected to the computing device 121, for example, via a network. Such embodiments may include any type of software designed and constructed to use another computer's display device as a second display device 124 a for the computing device 121. One ordinarily skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate the various ways and embodiments that a computing device 121 may be configured to have multiple display devices 124 a-124 n.

In further embodiments, an I/O device 130 may be a bridge 170 between the system bus 150 and an external communication bus, such as a USB bus, an Apple Desktop Bus, an RS-232 serial connection, a SCSI bus, a FireWire bus, a FireWire 800 bus, an Ethernet bus, an AppleTalk bus, a Gigabit Ethernet bus, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode bus, a HIPPI bus, a Super HIPPI bus, a SerialPlus bus, a SCI/LAMP bus, a FibreChannel bus, and/or a Serial Attached small computer system interface bus, among others.

A computing device 121 of the sort depicted in FIGS. 1 c and 1 d may typically operate under the control of operating systems, which control scheduling of tasks and access to system resources. The computing device 121 can be running any operating system such as any of the versions of the Microsoft® Windows operating systems, any of the different releases of the Unix and Linux operating systems, any version of the Mac OS® for Macintosh computers, any embedded operating system, any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, any proprietary operating system, any operating systems for mobile computing devices, and/or any other operating system capable of running on a computing device and performing the operations described herein. Typical operating systems include: WINDOWS 3.x, WINDOWS 95, WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS 2000, WINDOWS NT 3.51, WINDOWS NT 4.0, WINDOWS CE, WINDOWS XP, WINDOWS VISTA, WINDOWS 7.0, WINDOWS SERVER 2003, and/or WINDOWS SERVER 2008, all of which are manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash.; MacOS, manufactured by Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif.; OS/2, manufactured by International Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y.; and Linux, a freely-available operating system distributed by Red Hat of Raleigh, N.C., among others, or any type and/or form of a Unix operating system, among others.

In some embodiments, the computing device 121 may have different processors, operating systems, and input devices consistent with the device. For example, in one embodiment the computing device 121 is a Treo 180, 270, 1060, 600 or 650 smart phone manufactured by Palm, Inc. In this embodiment, the Treo smart phone is operated under the control of the PalmOS operating system and includes a stylus input device as well as a five-way navigator device. Moreover, the computing device 121 can be any workstation, desktop computer, laptop, or notebook computer, server, handheld computer, mobile telephone, any other computer, or other form of computing or telecommunications device that is capable of communication and that has sufficient processor power and memory capacity to perform the operations described herein.

Architecture

Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a block diagram illustrating an architecture of a computing device 121 as discussed above regarding FIGS. 1 c and 1 d. The architecture of the computing device 121 is provided by way of illustration only and is not intended to be limiting. The architecture of computing device 121 may include a hardware layer 206 and a software layer divided into a user space 202 and a kernel space 204.

Hardware layer 206 may provide the hardware elements upon which programs and services within kernel space 204 and user space 202 are executed. Hardware layer 206 also provides the structures and elements that allow programs and services within kernel space 204 and user space 202 to communicate data both internally and externally with respect to computing device 121. The hardware layer 206 may include a processing unit 262 for executing software programs and services, a memory 264 for storing software and data, and network ports 266 for transmitting and receiving data over a network. Additionally, the hardware layer 206 may include multiple processors for the processing unit 262. For example, in some embodiments, the computing device 121 may include a first processor 262 and a second processor 262′. In some embodiments, the processor 262 or 262′ includes a multi-core processor. The processor 262 may include any of the processors 101 described above in connection with FIGS. 1 c and 1 d.

Although the hardware layer 206 of computing device 121 is illustrated with certain elements in FIG. 2, the hardware portions or components of computing device 121 may include any type and form of elements, hardware or software, of a computing device, such as the computing device 121 illustrated and discussed herein in conjunction with FIGS. 1 c and 1 d. In some embodiments, the computing device 121 may comprise a server, gateway, router, switch, bridge, or other type of computing or network device, and have any hardware and/or software elements associated therewith.

The operating system of computing device 121 allocates, manages, or otherwise segregates the available system memory into kernel space 204 and user space 202. As discussed above, in the exemplary software architecture, the operating system may be any type and/or form of various ones of different operating systems capable of running on the computing device 121 and performing the operations described herein.

The kernel space 204 may be reserved for running the kernel 230, including any device drivers, kernel extensions, and/or other kernel related software. As known to those skilled in the art, the kernel 230 is the core of the operating system, and provides access, control, and management of resources and hardware-related elements of the applications. In accordance with some embodiments of the computing device 121, the kernel space 204 also includes a number of network services or processes working in conjunction with a cache manager sometimes also referred to as the integrated cache. Additionally, some embodiments of the kernel 230 will depend on embodiments of the operating system installed, configured, or otherwise used by the device 121.

In some embodiments, the device 121 includes one network stack 267, such as a TCP/IP based stack, for communicating with a client and/or a server. In other embodiments, the device 121 may include multiple network stacks. In some embodiments, the network stack 267 includes a buffer 243 for queuing one or more network packets for transmission by the computing device 121.

As shown in FIG. 2, the kernel space 204 includes a high-speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 and a policy engine 236. Running packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 in kernel space 204 or kernel mode instead of the user space 202 improves the performance of each of these components, alone and in combination. Kernel operation means that packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 run in the core address space of the operating system of the device 121. For example, data obtained in kernel mode may not need to be passed or copied to a process or thread running in user mode, such as from a kernel level data structure to a user level data structure. In this regard, such data may be difficult to determine for purposes of network application performance monitoring. In another aspect, the number of context switches between kernel mode and user mode are also reduced. Additionally, synchronization of and communications between packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 can be performed more efficiently in the kernel space 204.

In some embodiments, any portion of the packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 may run or operate in the kernel space 204, while other portions of packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 may run or operate in user space 202. In some embodiments, the computing device 121 uses a kernel-level data structure providing access to any portion of one or more network packets, for example, a network packet comprising a request from a client or a response from a server. In some embodiments, the kernel-level data structure may be obtained by the packet engine 240 via a transport layer driver interface (TDI) or filter to the network stack 267. The kernel-level data structure may include any interface and/or data accessible via the kernel space 204 related to the network stack 267, network traffic, or packets received or transmitted by the network stack 267. In some embodiments, the kernel-level data structure may be used by packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 to perform the desired operation of the component or process. Some embodiments provide that packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 is running in kernel mode 204 when using the kernel-level data structure, while in some other embodiments, the packet engine 240 and/or policy engine 236 is running in user mode when using the kernel-level data structure. In some embodiments, the kernel-level data structure may be copied or passed to a second kernel-level data structure, or any desired user-level data structure.

A policy engine 236 may include, for example, an intelligent statistical engine or other programmable application(s). In some embodiments, the policy engine 236 provides a configuration mechanism to allow a user to identify, specify, define or configure a caching policy. Policy engine 236, in some embodiments, also has access to memory to support data structures such as lookup tables or hash tables to enable user-selected caching policy decisions. In some embodiments, the policy engine 236 may include any logic, rules, functions or operations to determine and provide access, control and management of objects, data or content being cached by the computing device 121 in addition to access, control and management of security, network traffic, network access, compression, and/or any other function or operation performed by the computing device 121.

High speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240, also generally referred to as a packet processing engine or packet engine, is responsible for managing the kernel-level processing of packets received and transmitted by computing device 121 via network ports 266. The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 may include a buffer for queuing one or more network packets during processing, such as for receipt of a network packet or transmission of a network packer. Additionally, the high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 is in communication with one or more network stacks 267 to send and receive network packets via network ports 266. The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 may work in conjunction with policy engine 236. In particular, policy engine 236 is configured to perform functions related to traffic management such as request-level content switching and request-level cache redirection.

The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 includes a packet processing timer 242. In some embodiments, the packet processing timer 242 provides one or more time intervals to trigger the processing of incoming (i.e., received) or outgoing (i.e., transmitted) network packets. In some embodiments, the high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 processes network packets responsive to the timer 242. The packet processing timer 242 provides any type and form of signal to the packet engine 240 to notify, trigger, or communicate a time related event, interval or occurrence. In many embodiments, the packet processing timer 242 operates in the order of milliseconds, such as for example 100 ms, 50 ms, or 25 ms. For example, in some embodiments, the packet processing timer 242 provides time intervals or otherwise causes a network packet to be processed by the high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 at a 10 ms time interval, while in other embodiments, at a 5 ms time interval, and still yet in further embodiments, as short as a 3, 2, or 1 ms time interval. The high speed layer 2-7 integrated packet engine 240 may be interfaced, integrated and/or in communication with the policy engine 236 during operation. As such, any of the logic, functions, or operations of the policy engine 236 may be performed responsive to the packet processing timer 242 and/or the packet engine 240. Therefore, any of the logic, functions, and/or operations of the policy engine 236 may be performed at the granularity of time intervals provided via the packet processing timer 242, for example, at a time interval of less than or equal to 10 ms.

In contrast to kernel space 204, user space 202 is the memory area or portion of the operating system used by user mode applications or programs otherwise running in user mode. Generally, a user mode application may not access kernel space 204 directly, and instead must use service calls in order to access kernel services. As shown in FIG. 2, user space 202 of computing device 121 includes a graphical user interface (GUI) 210, a command line interface (CLI) 212, shell services 214, and daemon services 218. Using GUI 210 and/or CLI 212, a system administrator or other user may interact with and control the operation of computing device 121. The GUI 210 may be any type and form of graphical user interface and may be presented via text, graphical or otherwise, by any type of program or application, such as a browser. The CLI 212 may be any type and form of command line or text-based interface, such as a command line provided by the operating system. For example, the CLI 212 may comprise a shell, which is a tool to enable users to interact with the operating system. In some embodiments, the CLI 212 may be provided via a bash, csh, tcsh, and/or ksh type shell. The shell services 214 may include the programs, services, tasks, processes and/or executable instructions to support interaction with the computing device 121 or operating system by a user via the GUI 210 and/or CLI 212.

Daemon services 218 are programs that run continuously or in the background and handle periodic service requests received by computing device 121. In some embodiments, a daemon service may forward the requests to other programs or processes, such as another daemon service 218 as appropriate. As known to those skilled in the art, a daemon service 218 may run unattended to perform continuous and/or periodic system wide functions, such as network control, or to perform any desired task. In some embodiments, one or more daemon services 218 run in the user space 202, while in other embodiments, one or more daemon services 218 run in the kernel space.

Collector Application

Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a block diagram illustrating operations and/or functions of a collector application 200 as described above regarding FIG. 1 a. The collector application 200 includes a kernel space module 310 and a user space module 320. The kernel space module 310 may generally operate to intercept network activities as they occur. Some embodiments provide that the kernel space module 310 may use a kernel mode interface in the operating system, such as, for example, Microsoft Windows transport data interface (TDI). The kernel space module 310 may include a TDI filter 314 that is configured to monitor and/or intercept interactions between applications. Additionally, some embodiments provide that the kernel space module 310 may include an ancillary functions driver (AFD) filter 312 that is configured to intercept read operations and the time of their duration. Some operating systems may include a kernel mode driver other than the AFD. In this regard, operations described herein may be used with other such kernel mode drivers to intercept application operational data.

The raw data related to the occurrence of and attributes of transactions between network applications may be generally referred to as “performance data.” The raw data may have value for diagnosing network application performance issues and/or for identifying and understanding the structure of the network applications. The measurements or aggregations of performance data may be generally referred to as “metrics” or “performance metrics.” Performance data and the metrics generated therefrom may be temporally relevant (in other words, the performance data and the metrics may be directly related to and/or indicative of the health of the network at the time the performance data is collected). Performance data may be collected, and metrics based thereon may be generated, on a client side and/or a server side of an interaction. Some embodiments provide that performance data is collected in substantially real-time. In this context, “substantially real-time” means that performance data is collected immediately subsequent to the occurrence of the related network activity, subject to the delays inherent in the operation of the computing device and/or the network and in the method of collection. The performance data collected and/or the metrics generated may correspond to a predefined time interval. For example, a time interval may be defined according to the dynamics of the network and may include exemplary period lengths of less than 1, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and/or 60, seconds, among others.

Exemplary client side metrics may be aggregated according to one or more applications or processes. For example, the client side metrics may be aggregated according to destination address, port number, and a local process identifier (PID). A PID may be a number used by some operating system kernels to uniquely identify a process. This number may be used as a parameter in various function calls allowing processes to be manipulated, such as adjusting the process's priority and/or terminating the process. In this manner, multiple connections from the same application or process to the same remote service may be aggregated.

Similarly, server side metrics may be aggregated according to the same application or service regardless of the client. For example, some embodiments provide that server side metrics may be aggregated according to local address, port number, and PID. Respective ones of the client side and server side metrics may be collected from the kernel space and/or user space.

The kernel space module 310 may include a kernel events sender 316 that is configured to receive performance data from the AFD filter 312 and/or the TDI filter 314, and generate metrics based on the performance data for receipt by a kernel events receiver 322 in the user space module 320. In the user space module 320, metrics data received by the kernel event receiver 322 may be processed by a reverse domain name system (DNS) resolver 325 to map an observed network address to a more user-friendly DNS name. Additionally, metrics data received by the kernel events receiver 322 may be used by a process resolver 326 to determine the processes and/or applications corresponding to the collected kernel metrics data.

The user space module 320 may include a machine information collector 324 that is operable to determine static machine information, such as, for example, CPU speed, memory capacity, and/or operating system version, among others. As the performance data is collected corresponding to applications and/or processes, the machine information may be non-correlative relative to the applications and/or processes. The user space module 320 may include a process data collector 328 that collects data corresponding to the processes and/or applications determined in the process resolver 326. A machine performance data collector 330 may collect machine specific performance data. Examples of machine data may include information about resource utilization such as the amount of memory in use and/or the percentage of available CPU time consumed. The user space module 320 may include an event dispatcher 332 that is configured to receive the machine information, resolved DNS information, process identification, process data, and/or machine data, and to generate events incorporating the aggregated metrics data for dispatch to a health data processor application 100 that is operable to receive aggregated metrics data from multiple collectors 200.

Some embodiments provide that the performance data collected and/or metrics generated may be diagnostically equivalent and, thus, may be aggregated into a single event. The identification process may depend on which application initiates a network connection and which end of the connection is represented by a current collector application host.

Kernel level metrics may generally include data corresponding to read operations that are in progress. For example, reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is a diagram illustrating determining a read wait time corresponding to a user transaction according to some embodiments of the present invention. A user transaction between a client 401 and a server 402 are initiated when the client 401 sends a write request at time T1 to the server 402. The server 402 completes reading the request at time T2 and responds to the request at time T3 and the client 401 receives the response from the server 402 at time T4. A kernel metric that may be determined is the amount of time spent between beginning a read operation and completing the read operation. In this regard, client measured server response time 410 is the elapsed time between when the request is sent (T1) and when a response to the request is read (T4) by the client. Accordingly, the client measured server response time 410 may be determined as T4-T1. The server 402 may determine a server measured server response time 412 that is the elapsed time between when the request is read (T2) by the server 402 and when the response to the request is sent (T3) by the server 402 to the client 401. Accordingly, the server measured server response time 412 may be determined as T3-T2.

As the application response is measured in terms of inbound and outbound packets, the application response time may be determined in an application agnostic manner.

Additionally, another metric that may be determined is the read wait time 414, which is the elapsed time between when the client 401 is ready to read a response to the request T5 and when the response to the request is actually read T4. In some embodiments, the read wait time may represent a portion of the client measured server response time 410 that may be improved upon by improving performance of the server 402. Further, the difference between the client measured server response time 410 and the server measured server response time 412 may be used to determine the total transmission time of the data between the client 401 and the server 402. Some embodiments provide that the values may not be determined until a read completes. In this regard, pending reads may not be included in this metric. Further, as a practical matter, higher and/or increasing read time metrics discussed above may be indicative of a slow and/or poor performing server 402 and/or protocol where at least some messages originate unsolicited at the server 402.

Other read metrics that may be determined include the number of pending reads. For example, the number of read operations that have begun but are not yet completed may be used to detect high concurrency. In this regard, high and/or increasing numbers of pending read operations may indicate that a server 402 is not keeping up with the workload. Some embodiments provide that the total number of reads may include reads that began at a time before the most recent aggregated time period.

Additionally, some embodiments provide that the number of reads that were completed during the last time period may be determined. An average of read wait time per read may be generated by dividing the total read wait time, corresponding to a sum of all of the T4-T5 values during the time period, by the number of completed reads in that period.

In some embodiments, the number of stalled reads may be determined as the number of pending reads that began earlier than a predefined threshold. For example, a predefined threshold of 60 seconds may provide that the number of pending read operations that began more than 60 seconds ago are identified as stalled read operations. Typically, any value greater than zero may be undesirable and/or may be indicative of a server-initiated protocol. Some embodiments may also determine the number of bytes sent/received on a connection.

The number of completed responses may be estimated as the number of times a client-to-server message (commonly interpreted as a request) was followed by a server-to-client message (commonly interpreted as a response). Some embodiments provide that this may be measured by both the server and the client connections. In some embodiments, this may be the same as the number of completed reads for a given connection. Additionally, a total response time may be estimated as the total time spent in request-to-response pairs.

Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a block diagram illustrating a kernel level architecture of a collector application 200 to explain kernel level metrics according to some embodiments of the present invention. As discussed above, regarding FIG. 3, the collector may use a TDI filter 314 and an AFD filter 312. The AFD filter 312 may intercept network activity from user space processes that use a library defined in a standard interface between a client application and an underlying protocol stack in the kernel.

The TDI filter 314 may operate on a lower layer of the kernel and can intercept all network activity. As the amount of information available at AFD filter 312 and TDI filter 314 is different, the performance data that may be collected and the metrics that may be generated using each may also be different. For example, the AFD filter 312 may collect AFD performance data and generate AFD metrics that include total read wait time, number of completed reads, number of pending reads and number of stalled reads, among others. The TDI filter may collect TDI performance data and generate TDI metrics including total bytes sent, total bytes received, total response time and the number of responses from the server. Depending on the architecture of a target application, the AFD metrics for client-side connections may or may not be available. In this regard, if the application uses the standard interface, the collector may report non-zero AFD metrics. Otherwise, all AFD metrics may not be reported or may be reported as zero.

Some embodiments provide that kernel level metrics may be generated corresponding to specific events. Events may include read wait metrics that may include client side metrics such as total read wait time, number of completed reads, number of pending reads, number of stalled reads, bytes sent, bytes received, total response time, and/or number of responses, among others. Events may further include server response metrics such as bytes sent, bytes received, total response time and/or number of responses, among others.

In addition to the kernel metrics discussed above, the collector 200 may also generate user level metrics. Such user level metrics may include, but are not limited to aggregate CPU percentage (representing the percentage of CPU time across all cores), aggregate memory percentage (i.e., the percentage of physical memory in use by a process and/or all processes), and/or total network bytes sent/received on all network interfaces, among others. User level metrics may include, but are not limited to, the number of page faults (the number of times any process tries to read from or write to a page that was not in its resident in memory), the number of pages input (i.e., the number of times any process tried to read a page that had to be read from disk), and/or the number of pages output (representing the number of pages that were evicted by the operating system memory manager because it was low on physical memory), among others. User level metrics may include, but are not limited to, a queue length (the number of outstanding read or write requests at the time the metric was requested), the number of bytes read from and/or written to a logical disk in the last time period, the number of completed read/write requests on a logical disk in the last time period, and/or total read/write wait times (corresponding to the number of milliseconds spent waiting for read/write requests on a logical disk in the last time interval), among others.

Further, some additional metrics may be generated using data from external application programming interfaces. Such metrics may include, for example: the amount of memory currently in use by a machine memory control driver; CPU usage expressed as a percentage; memory currently used as a percentage of total memory; and/or total network bytes sent/received, among others.

In some embodiments, events may be generated responsive to certain occurrences in the network. For example events may be generated: when a connection, such as a TCP connection, is established from or to a machine; when a connection was established in the past and the collector application 200 first connects to the health data processing application 100; and/or when a connection originating from the current machine was attempted but failed due to timeout, refusal, or because the network was unreachable. Events may be generated when a connection is terminated; when a local server process is listening on a port; when a local server process began listening on a port in the past and the collector application 200 first connects to the health data processing application 100; and/or when a local server process ceases to listen on a port. Events may be generated if local network interfaces have changed and/or if a known type of event occurs but some fields are unknown. Events may include a description of the static properties of a machine when a collector application 200 first connects to a health data processing application 100; process information data when a process generates its first network-related event; and/or information about physical disks and logical disks when a collector application 200 first connects to a health data processing application 100.

Some embodiments provide that the different link events may include different data types corresponding to the type of information related thereto. For example, data strings may be used for a type description of an event. Other types of data may include integer, bytes and/or Boolean, among others.

In some embodiments, the events generated by collector application 200 for dispatch to heath data processing application 100 may incorporate metrics related to network structure, network health, computational resource health, virtual machine structure, virtual machine health, and/or process identification, among others. Metrics related to network structure may include data identifying the network device on which collector application 200 is executing, or data related to the existence, establishment, or termination of network links, or the existence of bound ports or the binding or unbinding of ports. Metrics pertinent to network health may include data related to pending, completed, and stalled reads, bytes transferred, and response times, from the perspective of the client and/or the server side. Metrics related to computational resource health may include data regarding the performance of the network device on which collector application 200 is executing, such as processing and memory usage. Metrics related to virtual machine structure may include data identifying the physical host machine on which collector application 200 is executing, and/or data identifying the virtual machines executing on the physical host machine. Metrics pertinent to virtual machine health may include regarding the performance of the host machine and/or the virtual machines executing on the host machine, such as processing and memory usage as determined from the perspective of the host machine and/or the virtual machines. Finally, metrics related to process identification may include data identifying individual processes executing on a network device.

Reference is made to FIG. 6, which illustrates exemplary operations that may be carried out by collector application 200 in monitoring and reporting network application performance according to some embodiments of the present invention. At block 600, collector application 200 establishes hooks on a networked device to an internal network protocol kernel interface utilized by the operating system of the networked device. In some embodiments, these hooks may include, for instance, a TDI filter. Collector application 200 also establishes hooks to an application oriented system call interface to a transport network stack. The hooks may include, in some embodiments, an AFD filter. Collector application 200 collects, via the established hooks, performance data corresponding to at least one network application running on the networked device (block 602). At block 604, kernel level and user level metrics are generated based on the collected performance data. The generated metrics may provide an indication of the occurrence of an interaction (e.g., establishment of a network link), or may provide measurements of, for instance, a count of some attribute of the collected performance data (e.g., number of completed reads) or a summation of some attribute of the collected performance data (e.g., total read attempts). The kernel level and user level metrics are aggregated by application—e.g., by aggregating metrics associated with the same IP address, local port, and process ID (block 606). At block 608, the kernel level and user level metrics generated within a specified time interval are aggregated. For instance, in some embodiments, metrics generated within the most recent 15-second time interval are aggregated.

At block 610, redundant data is removed from the aggregated metrics, and inconsistent data therein is reconciled. Redundant data may include, for instance, functionally equivalent data received from both the TDI and AFD filters. Collector application 200 performs a reverse DNS lookup to determine the DNS name associated with IP addresses referenced in the generated kernel level and user level metrics (block 612). Finally, at block 614, an event is generated, incorporating the kernel level and user level metrics and the determined DNS name(s). The generated event may be subsequently transmitted to health data processing application 100 for incorporation into a model of network health status.

Installation without Interruption

In some embodiments, the collector application 200 may be installed into a machine of interest without requiring a reboot of the machine. This may be particularly useful in the context of a continuously operable system, process and/or operation as may be frequently found in manufacturing environments, among others. As the collector operations interface with the kernel, and more specifically, the protocol stack, installation without rebooting may entail intercepting requests coming in and out of the kernel using the TDI filter. Some embodiments include determining dynamically critical offsets in potentially undocumented data structures. Such offsets may be used in intercepting network activity for ports and connections that exist prior to an installation of the collector application 200. For example, such previously existing ports and connections may be referred to as the extant state of the machine.

Some embodiments provide that intercepting the stack data may include overwriting the existing stack function tables with pointers and/or memory addresses that redirect the request through the collector filter and then to the intended function. In some embodiments, the existing stack function tables may be overwritten atomically in that the overwriting may occur at the smallest indivisible data level. Each entry in a function table may generally include a function pointer and a corresponding argument. However, only one of these entries (either the function or the argument) can be overwritten at one time. Thus, intercepting function calls may rely on two consecutive overwrites of the stack data corresponding to the function and corresponding argument. In some embodiments, there is no means for protecting from an intervening operation between overwriting one of the function and argument and overwriting the other one of them. In this regard, system stability may be at risk from two attempted consecutive overwrites.

As the consecutive overwrites of intercepting function calls may place the machine at risk of instability, a dynamic overwriting operation may be used. Specifically, a separate data structure is provided that includes a pointer to the original function, its original argument and dynamically generated code to call a filter in the collector application 200. The address of this data structure may be used to atomically overwrite the original function pointer in a single operation. The collector collects the data and then calls the original function corresponding to the overwritten stack data to perform its intended purpose. In this manner, the original behavior of the machine is preserved and the collector application collects the relevant data without rebooting the machine and/or placing the machine at risk of instability.

Some embodiments may include identifying the potentially undocumented data structures representing bound ports and network connections. For example, TDI objects (connections and bound ports) created prior to the installation of the collector application 200 may be determined by first enumerating all objects identified in a system. Each of the enumerated objects may be tagged with an identifier corresponding to its sub-system. A request corresponding to a known TDI object is created and sent for processing. The type codes of the enumerated objects are compared to those of the known TDI object to determine which of the objects are ports and which of the objects are connections. The enumerated objects may then be filtered as either connections or ports.

In some embodiments, this may be accomplished using an in-kernel thread. The thread may monitor network connections having restricted visibility and may detect when a monitored connection no longer exists. Connections may be added dynamically to the monitored list as needed.

Some embodiments provide that events may be generated to indicate that visibility into network events may be incomplete. For example, information may be missing corresponding to an active process, the state of a known connection, and/or missing information regarding network activity. In this manner, depending on conditions, a custom event can be transmitted to indicate what type of information is missing and what process may be responsible for that information.

Health Data Processing Application

In some embodiments, the health data processing application 100 may be operable to receive, from at least one collector application 200, network activity data corresponding to network activity of the applications on the network device on which the collector application 200 is installed. The health data processing application 100 may combine the network activity data received from the collector application 200 to remove redundant portions thereof. In some embodiments, the health data processing application 100 may archive the received activity data in a persistent data store along with a timestamp indicating when the activity data was collected and/or received. The health data processing application 100 may generate a model that includes identified network application components and their relatedness and/or links therebetween. The generated model may be displayed via one or more display devices such as, e.g., display devices 124 a-124 n discussed in greater detail above.

In some embodiments, the health data processing application 100 may be operable to combine network activity data reported from multiple collector applications 200 to eliminate redundancy and to address inconsistencies among data reported by different collector applications 200. For example, network data from multiple collector applications 200 may be stitched together to create a consistent view of the health of the network applications.

Some embodiments provide that the model may be a graphical display of the network including application components (machines, clients, processes, etc.) and the relationships therebetween. In some embodiments, the model may be generated as to reflect the real-time or near-real-time activity of the network. It is to be understood that, in this context, “near-real-time” may refer to activity occurring in the most recent of a specified time interval for which activity data was received. For instance, health data processing application 100 may receive from collector applications 200 aggregated activity data corresponding to the most recent 15-second interval of network operation, and, accordingly, the model of near-real-time activity may reflect the activity of the network as it existed during that most recent 15-second interval.

Some embodiments provide that the model may be generated to reflect an historical view of network activity data corresponding to a specified time interval. The historical view may be generated based on archived activity data retrieved from a persistent data store and having a timestamp indicating that the activity data was collected or received during the specified time interval. In other embodiments, the model may be dynamically updated to reflect new and/or lost network collectors and/or network components. Further, graphs may be provided at each and/or selected network resource indicators to show activity data over part of and/or all of the time interval.

In some embodiments, a model may include sparklines to provide quick access to trends of important metrics, process and application views to provide different levels of system detail, and/or model overlays to provide additional application analysis. For example, visual feedback regarding the contribution of a network link relative to a given criterion may be provided. In this manner, hop by hop transaction data about the health of applications can be provided. Additionally, visual ranking of connections based on that criteria may be provided. Bottleneck analysis based on estimated response times may be provided to identify slow machines, applications, and/or processes, among others.

Some embodiments provide that health data processing application 100 may be operable to infer the existence of network devices and/or network applications for which no activity data was received or on which no collector application 200 is running, based on the identification of other network devices and/or other network applications for which activity data was received. For instance, activity data received by health data processing application 100 may indicate that a network link has been established between a local network device running collector application 200 and a remote network device that is not running collector application 200. Because the activity data may include identifying information for both the local and remote network devices, health data processing application 100 may infer that the remote network device exists, and incorporate the remote network device into the generated model of network activity.

In other embodiments, health data processing application 100 may be operable to identify a network application based on predefined telecommunications standards, such as, e.g., the port numbers list maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Health data processing application 100 may, for example, receive activity data indicating that a process on a network device is bound to port 21. By cross-referencing the indicated port number with the IANA port numbers list, health data processing application 100 may identify the process as an File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, and may include the identification in the generated model.

Reference is made to FIG. 7, which is a screen shot of a graphical user interface (GUI) including a model generated by a health data processing application according to some embodiments of the present invention. The GUI 700 includes a model portion 701 that illustrates representations of various network applications and/or application components 702. Such representations may include identifier fields 704 that are operable to identify application and/or application component addresses, ports, machines and/or networks. Connections 706 between network applications and/or application components may be operable to convey additional information via color, size and/or other graphical and/or text-based information. A summary field 708 may be provided to illustrate summary information corresponding to one or more applications and/or application components, among others. A port identification portion 712 may be operable to show the connections corresponding to and/or through a particular port. The GUI 700 may include a system and/or network navigation field 710, overlay selection field 714, and one or more time interval and/or snapshot field(s) 716.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary operations that may be carried out by health data processing application 100 in generating and displaying a real-time model of network application health according to some embodiments of the present invention. At block 800, health data processing application 100 may receive activity data from a plurality of collector applications 200 executing on respective ones of a plurality of network devices. The received activity data corresponds to activities of a plurality of network applications executing on respective ones of the plurality of networked devices. At block 802, the received activity data is archived along with a timestamp indicating when the activity data was collected and/or received. As discussed in greater detail with respect to FIG. 9, this archived data may allow health data processing application 100 to generate and display an historical model of network application health during a specified time interval. At block 804, the received activity data is combined to remove redundant data and to reconcile inconsistent data. At block 806, health data processing application 100 identifies the network applications executing on the respective ones of the plurality of networked devices, and ascertains the relationships therebetween. The identification of the network applications and the relationships therebetween may be based on the received activity data, and may further be determined based on a correlation between the received activity data and predefined industry standards, as discussed above. At block 808, health data processing application 100 may infer the existence of network applications for which no activity data was received, based on the identification of network applications for which activity data was received. At block 810, a real-time model of network health status, including the identified network applications and the relationships therebetween, is generated, and the model is displayed at block 812.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary operations carried out by a health data processing application 100 in generating and displaying an historical model of network application health according to some embodiments of the present invention. At block 900, the activity data previously archived at block 802 and corresponding to a specified time interval is retrieved. The retrieved activity data is combined to remove redundant data and reconcile inconsistent data at block 902. At block 904, health data processing application 100 identifies the network applications associated with the retrieved activity data, and ascertains the relationships therebetween. The identification of the network applications and the relationships therebetween may be based on the retrieved activity data, and may further be determined based on correlation between the retrieved activity data and industry standards. At block 906, health data processing application 100 may infer the existence of network applications for which no activity data was retrieved, based on the identification of network applications for which activity data was retrieved. At block 908, an historical model of network health status in the specified time interval, including the identified network applications and the relationships therebetween, is generated, and the historical model is displayed at block 910.

Custom Protocol

Some embodiments provide that transferring the activity data between the collector applications 200 and the health data processing application 100 may be performed using a compact, self-describing, linear buffer communications protocol. In some embodiments, the custom protocol uses a common representation for monitoring information, commands and configuration data. As the methods and systems described herein are intended to monitor network performance, the protocol may be operable to minimize the volume of information exchanged between the collector applications 200 and the health data processing application 100.

In some embodiments, the collector applications 200 are operable to generate events in a streaming data format. Events may be generated corresponding to the predefined monitoring time period. Information provided corresponding to an event may include an event type, network resource identification data including PID, remote identifiers, quantities and/or types of data sent/received, and/or response time information, among others. The protocol may include a banner portion that may be established through a handshaking process that may occur when a collector application 200 initially communicates with the health data processing application 100. The banner portion may define the data types and formats to be transferred. In this manner, the protocol may be flexible by virtue of the self-descriptive banner portion and may avoid sending unused, unwanted or blank data fields.

Providing a Compressed Circular Buffer for Efficient Storage of Network Performance Data

As discussed above, health data processing application 100 may receive from collector applications 200 aggregated activity data corresponding to a most-recent interval of network activity, and may generate a model of network activity reflecting the activity of the network as it existed during the most recent interval. In some embodiments, health data processing application 100 may maintain activity data corresponding to a “rolling time window” encompassing multiple recent intervals of network activity. For instance, health data processing application 100 may receive activity data representing network activity occurring during recent 15-second time intervals, and may maintain this activity data for a rolling time window encompassing the most recent ten minutes of network activity.

One technique for efficiently managing the data associated with a rolling time window is storing the data in a circular buffer, which is a buffer that is conceptually connected end-to-end with itself, creating a ring-shaped structure. As elements are added to the circular buffer and the circular buffer reaches the limits of its storage capacity, the oldest elements in the buffer may be deleted or overwritten by the newest elements appended to the buffer. Circular buffers may be implemented by, for example, an array of bytes stored in memory or on a persistent data store, with a pointer indicating the location of the oldest element in the circular buffer.

One disadvantage to the use of a circular buffer, however, is the storage space that may be required to maintain the circular buffer in RAM. For instance, health data processing application 100 may be required to maintain in RAM one million different performance metrics, each relating to network activity occurring during a 15-second time interval over the most recent ten minutes. This would necessitate maintaining 40 million distinct values in RAM simultaneously. If each of the performance metrics were represented by a 64-bit value, then the health data processing application 100 would require a minimum of 320 megabytes of RAM to store the performance metrics data. Moreover, in practice, much of this RAM would be wasted space, as many performance metrics would not require a full 32 or 64 bits of data storage each (CPU usage, for example, should never exceed 100%, and measurements of web page response time in milliseconds typically would be in the tens of thousands range). Compressing the performance metrics data using off-the-shelf compression tools, though, may pose challenges due to the stream-oriented nature of such tools, and the lack of support for the delete-oldest-and-insert-newest operation necessary for circular buffers.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, health data processing application 100 may provide a method for implementing a compressed circular buffer for efficient storage of network performance data. The compressed circular buffer may hold an ordered array of integral numbers, and may include support for null values that represent no observed data (as contrasted with observed data having a value of zero). In some embodiments, the compressed circular buffer may include an array of bytes, a start index operable to point to the most significant bit of the oldest compressed value stored in the array of bytes, an end index operable to point to the most significant bit of the newest compressed value stored in the array of bytes, and a rolling sum field operable to store an accumulation value of the values stored in the array of bytes. Some embodiments may provide that the compressed circular buffer includes support for initializing the buffer, appending a new value to the buffer, returning an array of all values presently stored in the buffer, and/or returning a rolling sum of all values presently stored in the buffer (where null values are treated as zero for the purpose of calculating the sum). These elements and operations of the compressed circular buffer are detailed in the discussion of FIGS. 11 a and 11 b.

Values to be appended to the compressed circular buffer may be compressed prior to insertion into the buffer through the use of biased bit-oriented compression. In some embodiments, the biased bit-oriented compression may be based on the values and or value ranges expected to occur more frequently in the data to be added to the circular buffer, and, accordingly, may compress to a greater degree the values and/or value ranges that occur more frequently. Values and/or value ranges that occur less frequently, in contrast, may be compressed to a lesser degree, and/or may not be compressed at all.

FIGS. 10 a and 10 b illustrate exemplary operations carried out in compressing and decompressing values, respectively, according to a biased bit-oriented compression provided in some embodiments. The biased bit-oriented compression may be used to efficiently compress data that is to be stored in the circular buffer and that exhibits the following characteristics:

1. Null values are very likely to occur in the data.

2. Values of zero are extremely likely to occur in the data.

3. Values less than 16 bits long are much more likely to occur in the data than values greater than 16 bits long.

Accordingly, the bit-oriented compression illustrated by FIG. 10 a is biased to enable a greater degree of compression for null and zero values, and for values less than 16 bits long. Referring now to FIG. 10 a, compression of a value begins at block 1000, where a determination is made as to whether the value to be compressed is null. If so, a 0 bit is output (block 1005), and operations end. If the value is not null, then a 1 bit is output (block 1010). At block 1015, a determination is made as to whether the value to be compressed is zero. If so, a 0 bit is output (block 1020), and operations end. Otherwise, a 1 bit is output (block 1025). At block 1030, the length in bits of the value to be compressed is determined. If the value to be compressed is 16 bits or less in length, then a 0 bit is output (block 1035), followed by a 4-bit value specifying the length in bits of the value to be compressed (block 1040). Operation then resumes at block 1055. If the value to be compressed is greater than 16 bits in length, then a 1 bit is output (block 1045), followed by a 6-bit value specifying the length in bits of the value to be compressed (block 1050). At block 1055, the actual value is output, and operations end. It is to be understood that, in some embodiments, the exemplary compression operations illustrated by FIG. 10 a may take advantage of the fact that the most significant binary digit of the value to be compressed will always be 1. Accordingly, the length specified in block 1040 and/or block 1050 may be one less than the actual bit length of the value to be compressed, and the value output at block 1055 may omit the most significant digit.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10 b, which illustrates exemplary operations for decompressing a compressed binary representation generated by the operations illustrated by FIG. 10 a. The first bit of the compressed binary representation is read in (block 1060) and examined to determine whether the bit is 0 or 1 (block 1065). If the first bit is 0, then the decoded value is set to null (block 1070), and operations end. If the first bit is 1, then the second bit is read in (block 1072) and examined to determine whether the second bit is 0 or 1 (block 1074). If the second bit is 0, then the decoded value is set to zero (block 1076), and operations end. If the second bit is 1, then the third bit is read in (block 1078) and examined to determine whether the third bit is 0 or 1 (block 1080). If the third bit is 0 (indicating that the compressed value requires 16 or fewer bits), then the next 4 bits are read in to determine the bit length of the compressed value (block 1082), and operations resume at block 1086. If the third bit is 1 (indicating that the compressed value requires more than 16 bits), then the next 6 bits are read in to determine the bit length of the compressed value (block 1084). At block 1086, the number of bits represented by the determined bit length are read in. These bits contain the decoded value. In some embodiments, the exemplary decompression operations illustrated by FIG. 10 b may take advantage of the fact that the most significant binary digit of the decompressed value will always be 1. Accordingly, the bit length specified in block 1082 and/or block 1084 may be one less than the actual bit length of the decompressed value, and the value output at block 1086 may omit the most significant digit.

Table 1 below illustrates the effects of the bit-oriented compression illustrated in FIG. 10 a on exemplary data values.

Decimal Value to Compressed Binary Compressed be Compressed Representation of Decimal Value Bit Length Null 0 1 0 10 2 10 1100011010 10 100 1100110100100 13 100000 1110100001000011010100000 25 As seen in Table 1, the values of null and zero, the two values most likely to be encountered in the data to be stored in the circular buffer, may be compressed into binary representations of 1 and 2 bits, respectively.

The compressed binary representation of the decimal number 10, according to the bit-oriented compression operations illustrated by FIG. 10 a, would be the 10-bit binary sequence 1100011010. The first three bits, 110, indicate that the value to be encoded is non-null and non-zero, and may be represented by 16 or fewer bits. The length in bits of the value to be encoded is represented by the next four bits, 0011, which is the binary representation of the decimal number 3. The final three bits, 010, represent the encoded value. As noted above with respect to FIGS. 10 a and 10 b, the most significant bit of the value to be encoded may be assumed to always be 1, and, thus, may be omitted in some embodiments. Thus, the actual value encoded is 1010, which is the binary representation of the decimal number 10.

The compressed binary representation of the decimal number 100, according to the bit-oriented compression operations illustrated by FIG. 10 a, would be the 13-bit binary sequence 1100110100100. The first three bits, 110, indicate that the value to be encoded is non-null and non-zero, and may be represented by 16 or fewer bits. The length of the value to be encoded is represented by the next four bits, 0110, which is the binary representation of the decimal number 6. The final six bits, 100100, represent the encoded value. As noted above with respect to FIGS. 10 a and 10 b, the most significant bit of the value to be compressed may be assumed to always be 1, and, thus, may be omitted in some embodiments. Thus, the actual value encoded is 1100100, which is the binary representation of the decimal number 100.

The compressed binary representation of the decimal number 100,000, according to the bit-oriented compression operations illustrated by FIG. 10 a, would be the 25-bit binary sequence 1110100001000011010100000. The first 3 bits, 111, indicate that the value to be encoded is non-null and non-zero, and is represented by more than 16 bits. The length of the value to be encoded is represented by the next six bits, 010000, which is the binary representation of the decimal number 16. The final sixteen bits, 1000011010100000, represent the encoded value. As noted above with respect to FIGS. 10 a and 10 b, the most significant bit of the value to be compressed may be assumed to always be 1, and, thus, may be omitted in some embodiments. Thus, the actual value encoded is 11000011010100000, which is the binary representation of the decimal number 100,000.

Accordingly, as demonstrated by Table 1, some embodiments employing a circular buffer and the biased bit-oriented compression and decompression operations illustrated by FIGS. 10 a and 10 b may be operable to store exemplary values 0, 10, 100, and 100,000 in the circular buffer while consuming only 50 bits of memory. In contrast, a typical circular buffer using 64-bit integral numbers for each entry in the buffer would consume 256 bits of memory (i.e., over five times as much memory) to store the same four values. Where the data stored in the memory buffer includes mostly nulls and/or zero values, the compression ratio that may be achieved by some embodiments employing a circular buffer and the biased bit-oriented compression and decompression operations illustrated by FIGS. 10 a and 10 b may be much greater. For instance, a compressed circular buffer storing one hundred zero values may occupy only 200 bits of memory, while a typical circular buffer using 64-bit integral numbers for each element stored therein would occupy 6,400 bits of memory. Moreover, it is to be understood that the biased bit-oriented compression and decompression operations illustrated by FIGS. 10 a and 10 b may be reversible, in that no external state is required to encode values and/or decode a string of encoded values, and that the biased bit-oriented compression and decompression operations illustrated by FIGS. 10 a and 10 b may allow encoded entries in the compressed circular buffer to be cleanly removed and/or overwritten without affecting the decoding of the remaining entries in the compressed circular buffer. It is to be further understood that while the biased bit-oriented compression and decompression operations illustrated by FIGS. 10 a and 10 b are based on a Huffman code, the biased bit-oriented compression may be based on another coding, including a Gray code, an Elias gamma code, a Golomb code, and/or a static Huffman codes, among others, depending on the specific characteristics of the data to be encoded.

Reference is now made to FIG. 11 a, which illustrates exemplary operations carried out by health data processing application 100 in providing a compressed circular buffer for efficient storage of network performance data according to some embodiments. At block 1100, a data store defining a circular buffer is allocated. The circular buffer, in some embodiments, may include an array of bytes, a start index, an end index, and a rolling sum field. The array of bytes may be initialized to store all null values (block 1105). As detailed above with respect to FIGS. 10 a and 10 b, some embodiments may provide bit-oriented compression under which null values are represented by a single 0 bit; accordingly, initializing the array of bytes to store all null values may include filling the array of bytes with bytes representing the value zero. The start index, end index, and rolling sum fields may also be initialized to zero (block 1110).

At block 1115, a binary representation of a value may be compressed using bit-oriented compression that is biased based on the frequency of occurrences of values and/or value ranges. For example, in some embodiments, values and/or value ranges that occur at a relatively higher frequency may be compressed to a greater degree than values and/or value ranges that occur at a relatively lower frequency. Some embodiments may provide that the frequency of occurrence of values and/or value ranges are positively correlated with the degree of compression. In some embodiments, the bit-oriented compression may include a Huffman code, a Gray code, an Elias gamma code, a Golomb code, and/or a static Huffman code, among others.

The value may be added to the value stored in the rolling sum field (block 1120). Accordingly, in some embodiments, the rolling sum field may provide quick access to the sum of values stored in the circular buffer, without the need to manually traverse the buffer to calculate the sum.

At block 1125, a determination may be made regarding whether incrementing the end index to insert the compressed binary representation into the array of bytes will result in the end index “rolling over” to the beginning of the array of bytes. For instance, in some embodiments, the end index may point to the most significant bit of the newest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes. To determine whether the end index will “roll over,” the length of the newest compressed binary representation pointed to by the end index may be added to the bit index, and the result compared to a maximum bound of the array. If the result will exceed the maximum bound of the array, then operation resumes at block 1130, where the amount by which the incremented index would exceed the maximum bound of the array is determined. The end index may be set to the minimum bound of the array (block 1135), and the end index may be incremented by the determined result (block 1140). Operation then resumes at block 1150. If it is determined at block 1125 that the end index may be incremented without a rollover occurring, then the end index is incremented by the size of the newest compressed binary representation pointed to by the end index (block 1145).

At block 1150, a determination may be made regarding whether there is enough available space in the array of bytes to store the compressed binary representation. If there is insufficient available space, a data store may be allocated for an expanded array of bytes having a size greater than the array of bytes (block 1155). In some embodiments, the expanded array of bytes may have a size greater than the array of bytes by a given constant amount. For instance, the expanded array of bytes may be sized to be 10 bytes larger than the array of bytes. Some embodiments may attempt to determine the optimal size for the array of bytes by sizing the expanded array of bytes based on the size of the array of bytes and a count of values stored in the array of bytes.

Data from the array of bytes may be copied to the expanded array (block 1160). As illustrated in FIG. 12, some embodiments may provide that compressed data that is stored in discontiguous data regions 1205 and 1215 in array of bytes 1200, such that available space 1210 lies between the discontiguous data regions, may be copied into expanded array 1230 in the same relative positions that the compressed data occupies in array of bytes 1200. For example, data region A 1205 occupying space at the start of array of bytes 1200 may be copied into the corresponding copied data region A 1235 at the start of expanded array of bytes 1230, and data region B 1215 occupying space at the end of array of bytes 1200 may be copied into the corresponding copied data region B 1245 at the end of expanded array of bytes 1230. In this way, expanded available space 1240 in expanded array 1230 may have a greater size than available space 1210 in array of bytes 1200, while still remaining contiguous. It is to be understood that, because the contents of array of bytes 1200 are compressed using a reversible bit-oriented encoding that does not require any external state to encode and/or decode values, expansion of array of bytes 1200 may be accomplished in some embodiments simply by copying source bytes from array of bytes 1200 into expanded array 1230, without having to decode or otherwise interpret the source bytes.

Returning now to FIG. 11 a, the start index may be set to point to the most significant bit of the oldest binary representation in the expanded array of bytes (block 1165) and the end index may be set to point to the most significant bit of the newest binary representation in the expanded array of bytes (block 1170). Operation then resumes at block 1145. If it is determined at block 1150 that there is sufficient available space in the array of bytes, then operation resumes at block 1175 in FIG. 11 b.

Referring now to FIG. 11 b, the compressed binary representation of the value may be inserted into the array at the location pointed to by the incremented end index (block 1175). At block 1180, a determination may be made regarding whether the oldest binary representation stored in the array of bytes should be removed. For example, the oldest binary representation may be associated with a measurement value that no longer falls within the rolling time window that is considered “live” by the health data processing application 100. If so, then the value associated with the oldest binary representation pointed to by the start index is subtracted from the value stored in the rolling sum field (block 1185.)

At block 1186, a determination may be made regarding whether incrementing the start index to remove the oldest binary representation in the array of bytes will result in the start index “rolling over” to the beginning of the array of bytes. For instance, in some embodiments, the start index may point to the most significant bit of the oldest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes. To determine whether the start index will “roll over,” the length of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index may be added to the start index, and the result compared to a maximum bound of the array. If the result will exceed the maximum bound of the array, then operation may resume at block 1187, where the amount by which the incremented index would exceed the maximum bound of the array is determined. The start index may be set to the minimum bound of the array (block 1188), and the start index may be incremented by the determined result (block 1189). Operation then resumes at block 1191. If it is determined that start index may be incremented without a rollover occurring, then the start index is incremented by the size of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index (block 1190).

At block 1191, a plurality of binary representations that have been appended to the buffer may be decompressed into their corresponding values, and an array of the values may be generated (block 1192).

Many variations and modifications can be made to the embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the present invention. The following claims are provided to ensure that the present application meets all statutory requirements as a priority application in all jurisdictions and shall not be construed as setting forth the scope of the present invention. 

1. A method for providing a circular buffer of values representing performance data that corresponds to a network application on a network device, the method comprising: compressing a binary representation of a value using bit-oriented compression that is biased based on a frequency of occurrence of values and/or value ranges; and appending the compressed binary representation to a circular buffer, wherein the compressing a binary representation and appending the compressed binary representation comprise operations performed using at least one computer processor.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein compressing the binary representation comprises: compressing values and/or value ranges that occur at a first frequency with a first degree of compression; and compressing values and/or value ranges that occur at a second frequency with a second degree of compression; wherein the first frequency is greater than the second frequency and the first degree of compression is greater than the second degree of compression.
 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the frequency of occurrence is positively correlated with a degree of compression.
 4. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: decompressing a plurality of compressed binary representations appended to the circular buffer; and generating an array containing a plurality of respective values corresponding to the plurality of decompressed binary representations.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the bit-oriented compression includes a Huffman code, a Gray code, an Elias gamma code, a Golomb code, and/or a static Huffman code.
 6. A method according to claim 1, further comprising allocating a data store defining the circular buffer, the data store including: an array of bytes; a start index that is operable to point into the array of bytes at a most significant bit of an oldest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes; an end index that is operable to point into the array of bytes at a most significant bit of a newest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes; and a rolling sum field that is operable to store an accumulation value of values stored in the array of bytes.
 7. A method according to claim 6, further comprising initializing the array of bytes to store null values.
 8. A method according to claim 6, wherein appending the compressed binary representation to the circular buffer comprises: adding an integral number that corresponds to a value of the compressed binary representation to the accumulation value stored in the rolling sum field; incrementing the end index by a first quantity that corresponds to a size of the newest compressed binary representation pointed to by the end index; subtracting an integral number that corresponds to a value of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index from the accumulation value stored in the rolling sum field; incrementing the start index by a second quantity that corresponds to a size of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index; and inserting the compressed binary representation into the array of bytes at the location pointed to by the incremented end index.
 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein incrementing the end index by the first quantity comprises: determining that incrementing the end index by the first quantity exceeds a maximum bound of the array of bytes by a third quantity; setting the end index to point to a minimum bound of the array of bytes; and incrementing the end index by the third quantity, and wherein incrementing the start index by the second quantity comprises: determining that incrementing the start index by the second quantity exceeds a maximum bound of the ordered array by a fourth quantity; setting the start index to point to a minimum bound of the array of bytes; and incrementing the start index by the fourth quantity.
 10. A method according to claim 8, wherein inserting the compressed binary representation into the array of bytes at the location pointed to by the incremented end index comprises: determining, prior to inserting the compressed binary representation, that a size of the compressed binary representation exceeds a size of available space in the array of bytes; allocating a data store defining an expanded array of bytes having a size greater than a size of the array of bytes; copying data from the array of bytes into the expanded array to create an available space in the expanded array having a size greater than the size of available space in the array of bytes; setting the start index to point into the expanded array at a most significant bit of the oldest compressed binary representation that is stored in the expanded array; setting the end index to point into the expanded array at a most significant bit of the newest compressed binary representation that is stored in the expanded array; incrementing the end index by the first quantity; and inserting the compressed binary representation into the expanded array at the location pointed to by the incremented end index.
 11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the expanded array of bytes has a size greater than the size of the array of bytes by a given constant amount.
 12. A method according to claim 10, wherein the expanded array of bytes has a size greater than the size of the array of bytes by an amount based on the size of the array of bytes and a count of values stored in the array of bytes.
 13. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therein, the computer readable program code configured to carry out the method of claim
 1. 14. A computer program product comprising: a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having computer readable program code embodied therein, the computer readable program code comprising: computer readable program code configured to allocating a data store defining a circular buffer, the data store including: an array of bytes; a start index that is operable to point into the array of bytes at a most significant bit of an oldest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes; an end index that is operable to point into the array of bytes at a most significant bit of a newest compressed binary representation stored in the array of bytes; and a rolling sum field that is operable to store an accumulation value of values stored in the array of bytes; computer readable program code configured to compress a binary representation of a value using bit-oriented compression that is biased based on a frequency of occurrence of values and/or value ranges; computer readable program code configured to append the compressed binary representation to a circular buffer; computer readable program code configured to decompress a plurality of compressed binary representations appended to the circular buffer; and computer readable program code configured to generate an array containing a plurality of respective values corresponding to the plurality of decompressed binary representations, wherein computer readable program code configured to append the compressed binary representation to the circular buffer comprises: computer readable program code configured to add an integral number that corresponds to a value of the compressed binary representation to the accumulation value stored in the rolling sum field; computer readable program code configured to increment the end index by a first quantity that corresponds to a size of the newest compressed binary representation pointed to by the end index; computer readable program code configured to subtract an integral number that corresponds to a value of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index from the accumulation value stored in the rolling sum field; computer readable program code configured to increment the start index by a second quantity that corresponds to a size of the oldest compressed binary representation pointed to by the start index; and computer readable program code configured to insert the compressed binary representation into the array of bytes at the location pointed to by the incremented end index.
 15. A computer program product according to claim 14, wherein computer readable program code configured to compress a binary representation comprises: computer readable program code configured to compress values and/or ranges that occur at a first frequency with a first degree of compression; and computer readable program code configured to compress values and/or ranges that occur at a second frequency with a second degree of compression; wherein the first frequency is greater than the second frequency and the first degree of compression is greater than the second degree of compression.
 16. A computer program product according to claim 14, wherein the bit-oriented compression includes a Huffman code, a Gray code, an Elias gamma code, a Golomb code, and/or a static Huffman code.
 17. A computer program product according to claim 14, wherein computer readable program code configured to increment the end index by the first quantity comprises: computer readable program code configured to determine that incrementing the end index by the first quantity exceeds a maximum bound of the array of bytes by a third quantity; computer readable program code configured to set the end index to point to a minimum bound of the array of bytes; and computer readable program code configured to increment the end index by the third quantity, and wherein computer readable program code configured to increment the start index by the second quantity comprises: computer readable program code configured to determine that incrementing the start index by the second quantity exceeds a maximum bound of the ordered array by a fourth quantity; computer readable program code configured to set the start index to point to a minimum bound of the array of bytes; and computer readable program code configured to increment the start index by the fourth quantity.
 18. A computer program product according to claim 14, wherein computer readable program code configured to insert the compressed binary representation into the array of bytes at the location pointed to by the incremented end index comprises: computer readable program code configured to determine, prior to inserting the compressed binary representation, that a size of the compressed binary representation exceeds a size of available space in the array of bytes; computer readable program code configured to allocate a data store defining an expanded array of bytes having a size greater than a size of the array of bytes; computer readable program code configured to copy data from the array of bytes into the expanded array to create an available space in the expanded array having a size greater than the size of available space in the array of bytes; computer readable program code configured to set the start index to point into the expanded array at a most significant bit of the oldest compressed binary representation that is stored in the expanded array; computer readable program code configured to set the end index to point into the expanded array at a most significant bit of the newest compressed binary representation that is stored in the expanded array; computer readable program code configured to increment the end index by the first quantity; and computer readable program code configured to insert the compressed binary representation into the expanded array at the location pointed to by the incremented end index.
 19. A computer program product according to claim 18, wherein the expanded array of bytes has a size greater than the size of the array of bytes by a given constant amount.
 20. A computer program product according to claim 18, wherein the expanded array of bytes has a size greater than the size of the array of bytes by an amount based on the size of the array of bytes and a count of integral numbers stored in the array of bytes. 